【亚洲·阿塞拜疆】长颈弦乐器塔尔琴制作工艺与演奏技巧 Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument（2012年）

焦油琴是一种长颈弹拨琵琶，传统上在阿塞拜疆各地的社区制作和演奏。被许多人认为是该国的主要乐器，它以多种传统音乐风格中的单独或与其他乐器一起为特色。焦油制造商将他们的技能传授给学徒，通常是在家庭内部。工艺从精心选择乐器的材料开始：桑木做琴身，坚果木做琴颈，梨木做调音桩。工匠们使用各种工具制作了一个空心的八字形身体，然后用牛的薄心包覆盖。戴上有微丝的脖子，加上金属线，身体上镶嵌着珍珠母。表演者将乐器水平地靠在胸前，用拨子拨动琴弦，同时使用颤音和各种技巧和笔触来增加色彩。Tar表演在婚礼、各种社交聚会、节日活动和公共音乐会中占有重要地位。玩家通过口碑和示范，以及在教育音乐机构向社区内的年轻人传授他们的技能。焦油的工艺和性能以及与这一传统相关的技能在塑造阿塞拜疆人的文化身份方面发挥着重要作用。

2012年度列入人类非物质文化遗产名录。

来源：联合国教科文组织亚太地区非物质文化遗产国际培训中心

The Tar is a long-necked plucked lute, traditionally crafted and performed in communities throughout Azerbaijan. Considered by many to be the country’s leading musical instrument, it features alone or with other instruments in numerous traditional musical styles. Tar makers transmit their skills to apprentices, often within the family. Craftsmanship begins with careful selection of materials for the instrument: mulberry wood for the body, nut wood for the neck, and pear wood for the tuning pegs. Using various tools, crafters create a hollow body in the form of a figure eight, which is then covered with the thin pericardium of an ox. The fretted neck is affixed, metal strings are added and the body is inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Performers hold the instrument horizontally against the chest and pluck the strings with a plectrum, while using trills and a variety of techniques and strokes to add colour. Tar performance has an essential place in weddings and different social gatherings, festive events and public concerts. Players transmit their skills to young people within their community by word of mouth and demonstration, and at educational musical institutions. Craftsmanship and performance of the tar and the skills related to this tradition play a significant role in shaping the cultural identity of Azerbaijanis.

Included in the list of human intangible cultural heritage in 2012.

Source: UNESCO International Training Center for intangible cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific Region